A celebrity (sometimes referred to as a celeb in popular culture Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are deemed preferred per an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture, specifically Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century. Heavily) is a person who is easily recognized in a society or culture.

Generally speaking, a celebrity is someone who gets media attention and shows an extroverted The trait of extraversion-introversion is a central dimension of human personality. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and interested in seeking out excitement. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable. They are not necessarily loners but they tend to have smaller circles of friends and are less personality. There is a wide range of ways by which people may become celebrities: from their profession, appearances in the mass media, or even by complete accident or infamy Infamy, in common usage, is notoriety gained from a negative incident or reputation . The word stems from the Latin infamia, antonym of fama (fame). Instant celebrity is the term that is used when someone becomes a celebrity in a very short period of time. In some places, someone that somehow achieves a small amount of transient Transience means passing with time or is the state of being brief and short-lived. Something which has the property of transience is said to be transient, or often simply a transient or transient state fame, through hype or mass media, is stereotyped as a B-grade celebrity. Often the stereotype extends to someone that falls short of mainstream or persistent fame but seeks to extend or exploit it. In the 21st century, the insatiable public fascination for celebrities and demand for celebrity gossip Gossip is idle talk or rumour, especially about the personal or private affairs of others. It forms one of the oldest and most common means of sharing facts and views, but also has a reputation for the introduction of errors and other variations into the information transmitted. The term also carries implications that the news so transmitted ( has seen the rise of the gossip columnist A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine, especially a gossip magazine. Gossip columns are material written in a light, informal style, which relates the gossip columnist's opinions about the personal lives or conduct of celebrities from show business , politicians, professional sports stars, and other, tabloid A tabloid is an industry term for a smaller newspaper format per spread; for a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest stories and entertainment, often distributed free of charge ; or for a newspaper that tends to sensationalize and emphasize or exaggerate sensational crime stories, gossip columns repeating, paparazzi Paparazzi is an Italian term used to refer to photojournalists who specialize in candid photography of celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people. Paparazzi tend to be independent contractors, unaffiliated with a mainstream media organization and celebrity blogging A blog is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a.

The rise of international celebrities in acting and popular music is due in large part to the massive scope and scale of the media industries, enabling celebrities to be viewed more often and in more places. Some celebrities: Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Prince, Muhammad Ali, Paris Hilton, Andy Warhol, Elizabeth Taylor, Michael Douglas, Jennifer Aniston, David Beckham, Brad Pitt, Bono, Angelina Jolie, Madonna, Michael Jordan, Leonardo DiCaprio, Celine Dion, Sharon Stone, etc.

Regional and cultural celebrities

Each culture and region has its own independent celebrity system, with a hierarchy of popular film, television, and sports stars. Celebrities who are very popular might be unknown abroad, except in cultural groups, such as within a diaspora A diaspora is the movement or migration of a group of people, such as those sharing a national and/or ethnic identity, away from an established or ancestral homeland. When capitalized, the Diaspora refers to the exile of the Jewish people and Jews living outside ancient or modern day Israel. In some cases, a country-level celebrity might command some attention outside their native country, but not to the degree that they can be considered a global celebrity. For example, singer Lara Fabian Lara Fabian (born Lara Crokaert; Jan 9, 1970, is a Belgian-born international singer who also holds Canadian citizenship. Multilingual, she sings in French, Italian and Spanish, English, in all of which she is fluent.[citation needed] is widely-known in the French-speaking world, but only had a couple of Billboard Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry, and is one of the oldest trade magazines in the world. It is often considered to be one of the 'holy grails' of the entertainment industry, and the official trade publication of the music industry; it is typically regarded as one of the most relevant and unbiased sources of hits in the U.S., where as singer Celine Dion Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC, OQ (French pronunciation: [selin djɔ̃] ; born March 30, 1968) is a Canadian singer, occasional songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. Born to a large, impoverished family in Charlemagne, Quebec, Dion emerged as a teen star in the French-speaking world after her manager and future husband René Angélil mortgaged is well-known in both communities also well known is Cieran Anderson And Yasmin Olsen.

Subnational entities or regions, or cultural communities (linguistic, ethnic, religious) also have their own 'celebrity systems',especially in linguistically or culturally-distinct regions such as Quebec Quebec is the second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, the (a French-speaking province in Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three) and Wales Wales ( /ˈweɪlz/ Welsh: Cymru; pronounced [ˈkəmrɨ] (help·info)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. Wales has a population estimated at three million and is officially bilingual; Welsh and English have equal status, and bilingual signs are the (a constituent country A constituent country is a country that is part of a larger entity, such as a sovereign state or supranational body of the UK). Regional radio personalities, newscasters, politicians or community leaders can be considered as local or regional celebrities.

A local celebrity is a person who might be well known in the immediate locale in which they reside but are little-known outside of their locale.

Another example of celebrity can be merely cultural or unique to a particular diaspora.

English-speaking media commentators and journalists will sometimes refer to celebrities as A-List The A-list is a term that alludes to major movie stars, and/or the most bankable in the Hollywood movie industry, B-List, C-List, D-List or Z-List. These informal rankings indicate a placing within the hierarchy. However, due to differing levels of celebrity in different regions, it is difficult to place people within one bracket. A Nicaraguan actor might be a B-list action film actor in the US, but be an A-list star in the Czech Republic. An objective method of placing celebrities from any country into categories from A-List to H-List based on their number of Google Google Inc. is a multinational public cloud computing, Internet search, and advertising technologies corporation. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the " hits has been proposed,^[1] but while this method is quantitative, it only works for individuals with distinctive names, e.g., Jason Mewes, not Kevin Smith.

It's hard to measure someone's fame. Even worldwide celebrities might still be obscure to certain people in isolated countries like North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and, villagers without access to international news media or people who are simply uninterested in celebrities. Certain phenomena have however been called "definitive proof that someone is really famous." Usually these are things only famous people get access to or are featured into. Examples are appearing on the cover of Time Magazine Time is an American news magazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, Time no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition,, being spoofed in Mad Magazine Mad is an influential American humor magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952. The last surviving title from the notorious and critically acclaimed EC Comics line, the magazine offers satire on all aspects of American life and pop culture, politics, entertainment, and public figures. Its format is divided, having a wax statue made of you in Madame Tussauds Madame Tussauds is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was set up by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud. It was formerly spelt "Madame Tussaud's", but the apostrophe is no longer used, receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame The Hollywood Walk of Fame is an 18-block series of sidewalks along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA that serves as a permanent public monument to achievement in the entertainment industry. More than 2,400 5-pointed terrazzo and brass stars are embedded at 6-foot intervals over a combined 1.7 miles, and others.

Niche market celebrities

Just as one may become a regional or cultural celebrity, one may also become a celebrity in their niche market and have limited fame apart from it.

One may argue that all celebrities are niche market celebrities, some niches are simply much bigger than others and many celebrities gain fame apart from their niche market as well. The highest level of professional athletes, for example, are well known even among people who do not follow sports.

Certain celebrities are famous even to people who are not familiar with the niche market. Pablo Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor. He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les's style and name are famous even to people who are not interested in art. Harry Houdini Harry Houdini was a Hungarian-American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena is the archetypal illusionist, people who don't use computers know who Bill Gates William Henry "Bill" Gates III, KBE is an American business magnate, philanthropist, author and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career is, the most famous scientist is Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: [ˈvɔlfɡaŋ amaˈdeus ˈmoːtsaʁt], full baptismal name Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music. He is among and Ludwig von Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (pronounced /ˈluːdˌvɪɡ vɑːn ˈbeɪˌtoʊvən/ or /ˈlʊdˌvɪɡ væn ˈbeɪtˌhoʊvən/ (UK); German: [ˈluːt.vɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən] ( listen); baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He was a crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras are the most famous classical composers and if someone has to name a famous opera singer Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian operatic tenor, who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. He was one of "The Three Tenors" and became well-known for his televised concerts and media appearances. Pavarotti was also noted for his might as well be the first name to come in mind. And globally almost everybody knows the name and face of the current American president, even if one isn't that interested in politics. Since World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland · America's role in international politics has been so massive that every American president immediately becomes world famous as a result.

The same phenomenon is true for fictional characters A character is the representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art . Derived from the ancient Greek word kharaktêr (χαρακτήρ), the earliest use in English, in this sense, dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749. From this, the sense of "a part played by an. If one has to name a famous wizard A magician, mage, sorcerer, wizard, or a person known under one of many other possible terms in fiction is someone who uses or practices magic that derives from supernatural or occult sources. Magicians are common figures in works of fantasy, such as fantasy literature and role-playing games; they draw on a history of such people in mythology, Merlin The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network is an interferometer array of radio telescopes spread across England. The array is run from Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire by the University of Manchester on behalf of STFC as a National Facility, Harry Potter Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by the British author J. K. Rowling. The books chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter and his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's quandary involving or Gandalf Gandalf is a fictional character with major roles in J. R. R. Tolkien's novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. In these stories, Gandalf appears as a wizard, member and later the head of the order known as the Istari, as well as leader of the Fellowship of the Ring and the army of the West. In The Lord of the Rings, he is initially known as will be first to come in mind. Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character who has become an icon for the Walt Disney Company. Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks and voiced by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928 upon the release of Steamboat Willie, although Mickey had already appeared six months earlier in Plane is perhaps the most famous cartoon character A character is the representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art . Derived from the ancient Greek word kharaktêr (χαρακτήρ) through its Latin transcription character, the earliest use in English, in this sense, dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749. From and fictional mouse in the world. The most famous movie monsters A monster is any fictional dangerous or hideous creature, usually in legend or horror fiction. The word "monster" derives from Latin monstrum, an aberrant occurrence, usually biological, that was taken as a sign that something was wrong within the natural order are King Kong King Kong is a fictional monster, a gigantic animal resembling a gorilla that has appeared in several films since 1933. These include the groundbreaking 1933 movie, the film remakes of 1976 and 2005, as well as various sequels of each. The character has become one of the world's most famous movie icons and, as such, has transcended the medium, and Godzilla Godzilla is a fictional Japanese dinosaur, first appearing in Ishiro Honda's 1954 film Gojira. Since then, Godzilla has gone on to become a worldwide pop culture icon starring in 28 films produced by Toho Co., Ltd. The monster (daikaijū) has appeared in numerous other media incarnations including video games, novels, comic books, television, the archetypical detective A detective is an investigator, either a member of a police agency or a private person. The latter may be known as private investigators . Informally, and primarily in fiction, a detective is any licensed or unlicensed person who solves crimes, including historical crimes, or looks into records is Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his forensic science skills to solve difficult cases and most people's idea of a spy Espionage or spying involves an individual obtaining information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine, lest the legitimate holder of the information change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized is James Bond James Bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections. The character has also been used in the longest running and most financially successful English-language film franchise to date, starting in 1962 with Dr. No. In many cases, the character is more well known than the name of the creator. Superman, Spider-Man, and Wonderwoman are superhero celebrities while the comic book artists and writers who created them are well known only within fandom circles. Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, and Bob Kane are examples of figures whose celebrity status is limited to a certain genre fandom rather than the general public.

Careers that produce celebrity

Some professional activities, by the nature of being high-paid, highly exposed, and difficult to get into, are likely to confer celebrity status. For example, movie stars and television actors with lead roles on prominently scheduled shows are likely to become celebrities. High-ranking politicians, businessmen, national television reporters, daytime television show hosts, supermodels,^[2] successful athletes, pornographic actors and chart-topping musicians are also likely to become celebrities. A few humanitarian leaders such as Mother Teresa have even achieved fame because of their charitable work. Some people have achieved fame online and thus are Internet celebrities.

While some film and theatre directors, producers, fashion designers, artists, authors, trial lawyers, scientists, journalists and dancers have achieved celebrity status, celebrity is not necessary to success in these fields and in general they are less noted than actors of equal professional importance to the business.

Ensuing political career

Celebrity may offer advantage in attaining high-ranked political offices that are elected among the public. This offers a lateral entrance, in contrast to the career ladder approach of starting at minor positions and gradually ascending.^[3] Actors in India and the USA have thus benefited from their celebrity, and so to a lesser degree have sports celebrities.^[3] Businessman-celebrity has given less advantage.^[3]

Celebrity families

Another example of celebrity is a family that has notable ancestors or is known nationally (or internationally) for their wealth and/or influence. A prime example could be the Kennedy family, Gandhi Family, Windsor family, Osbourne Family, Chaplin family, Barrymore family, Douglas family, Fonda family, Hilton family, or the Jackson family.

Celebrity as a mass media phenomenon

In the 1970s, academics began analyzing the phenomenon of celebrity and stardom. According to Sofia Johansson the "canonical texts on stardom" include Daniel Boorstin's The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1961) and articles by Boorstin (1971), Alberoni (1972), and Dyer (1979) which examined the "representations of stars and on aspects of the Hollywood star system." Johansson notes "more recent analyses within media and cultural studies (e.g. Gamson 1994; Marshall 1997; Giles 2000; Turner, Marshall and Bonner 2000; Rojek 2001; Turner 2004) have instead dealt with the idea of a pervasive, contemporary, 'celebrity culture'."

In Bob Greene's article "The new stardom that doesn't require paying any dues," he argues for "most of man's history...people of talent would work to create something--something written, something painted, something sculpted, something acted out--and it would be passed on to audiences." With the rise of reality TV shows, Greene points out audiences have been turned into the creators. He argues the "alleged stars of the reality shows Survivor and Big Brother, have become famous not for doing, but merely for being." ^[4]

You have to go through many hoops just to talk to a major celebrity. You have to get past three different sets of publicists: the publicist for the event, the publicist for the movie, and then the celebrity's personal publicist. They all have to approve you. —Michael Musto, ^[5]

Greene says "You simply have to be present, in the right place at the right time." Whereas "...public[ly famous] people were once defined as such based upon the fact their remarkable skills had brought them to the attention of the public." Greene states with reality TV, "one can become a public person just by being a person, in public."

"Celebrities often have fame comparable to royalty," claimed notable^{[citation needed]} author Micha Frydman. As a result, there is a strong public curiosity about their private affairs. Celebrities may be resented for their accolades, and the public may have a love/hate relationship with celebrities. Due to the high visibility of celebrities' private lives, their successes and shortcomings are often made very public. Celebrities are alternately portrayed as glowing examples of perfection, when they garner awards, or as decadent or immoral if they become associated with a scandal. When seen in a positive light, celebrities are frequently portrayed as possessing skills and abilities beyond average people; for example, celebrity actors are routinely celebrated for acquiring new skills necessary for filming a role within a very brief period of time, and to a level that amazes the professionals who train them. Similarly, celebrities with very little formal education can be portrayed as experts on complicated issues.

Tabloid magazines and talk TV shows bestow a great deal of attention on celebrities. To stay in the public eye and make money, more celebrities are participating in business ventures such as celebrity-branded items including books, clothing lines, perfume, and household items.

Chapter 1 of Chris Hedges' Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (2009), entitled "The Illusion of Literacy," is an extensive critique of what he calls "celebrity culture." Citing authors like Daniel Boorstin, Neil Gabler, James Bradley, and C. Wright Mills, Hegdes argues that celebrity culture is a exemplified in media exaltations of superficiality, cosmetic surgery, New Age spirituality mysticism, pop psychology, motivational speakers, success gospel evangelism, and TV shows like American Idol and The Swan. Hedges criticizes the "moral nihilism" inherent in celebrity culture, in which human beings become commodities while those who possess true power — corporations and the oligarchic elite — are veiled and rendered invisible.

15 minutes of fame

Andy Warhol coined the phrase "15 minutes of fame". "Celebrities" in the 21st century can now be famous simply by being in the right place at the right time. These "celebs" are regular people who originally are not celebrities, becoming celebrities, and are often turned into celebrities based on the ridiculous things they do. An example of this is reality TV contestant Tiffany Pollard also known as "New York", from VH1's Flavor of Love. "In fact, many reality show contestants fall into this category: the only thing that qualifies them to be on TV is that they're real."^[6] Other "15 minutes of fame" celebrities can be average people seen with an A-list celebrity, who are sometimes noticed on entertainment news channels such as E! News.

Warhol also hinted that these people would be famous for "15 minutes", or in other words "a really short time until the fad or trend has died out." This also explains why certain people can be world famous in a certain century, decade, year,... but already obscure soon after. Lorenzo de' Medici was a famous Florentine statesman during the 15th century, but today only people who are familiar with history might know his name. Film actors like Harold Lloyd and Louise Brooks, who were world famous in the 1920s are not as well known by the general public nowadays as they were back then. MC Hammer is famous to people who were young in 1990, but later generations are less familiar with his name or music.

The opposite can be true as well. Painter Rembrandt van Rijn and composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,^{[citation needed]} who were successful during their lifetimes, both died almost forgotten. Their reputation grew only a few decades later. Vincent van Gogh was obscure during his lifetime and only sold one painting in his life. Only several years after his death was he regarded as an innovator and artistic genius and did his fame grow to international proportions. Blues singer Robert Johnson only recorded a handful of songs in the 1930s and then died, only becoming well known in the vicinity of the state where he used to live. He is now much more famous and respected as an artist, due to the legends surrounding his life.

Certain people are only remembered today because of a movie portrayal, certain story or urban legend surrounding their life and less for their accomplishments. Antonio Salieri was a famous and well known 18th century composer, who sank into obscurity the next two centuries. He was rediscovered thanks to the musical and film Amadeus, but his fictional portrayal as an antagonist has been more famous than his music since the end of the 20th century. Cleopatra lives in the memory of most people as a beautiful woman according to our modern tastes, while she didn't look like a modern thin photo model beauty at all. Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle and O.J. Simpson are more notorious for the murder scandal in which they were involved than for their respective movie and sports careers. Ronald Reagan is more famous as a politician today than as a movie actor. Centuries after his death, Andrea Mantegna now better known as the mentor of Leonardo Da Vinci than for his own paintings.

Celebrity and social networking

Celebrities have been flocking to social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace.^{[citation needed]} Social networking sites allow celebrities to communicate directly with their fans, removing the middle-man known as traditional media. Social media humanizes celebrities in a way that arouses public fascination as evident by the success of magazines such as Us Weekly and People Weekly.^{[citation needed]} Social media sites have even catapulted some to fame. Tila Tequila for example, shot to stardom on MySpace.^[7]

See also

References

1. ^ E. Schulman, "Measuring Fame Quantitatively. III. What Does it Take to Make the 'A' List?,"Annals of Improbable Research Vol. 12, No. 1 (2006), 11.
2. ^ MODELS.com's Icons - 5-1
3. ^ ^{a b c} Page 82: Celebrity Politicians Elections American style. By James Reichley. Contributor James Reichley. Published by Brookings Institution Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8157-7381-1, 9780815773818. 291 pages
4. ^ B. Greene, "The new stardom that doesn't require paying any dues,"Jewish World Review, September 14, 2000.
5. ^ Interview with Michael Musto, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 7, 2007.
6. ^ Maasik, Sonia, and Jack Solomon. Signs of Life in the USA. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006.
7. ^ Trebay, Guy "She's Famous (and So Can You)", The New York Times, October 28, 2007

Bibliography

• Grinin, Leonid (2009) "‘People of Celebrity’ as a New Social Stratum and Elite." In Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Cultural Dimensions (pp. 183–206). / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. Moscow: KRASAND/Editorial URSS, 2009
• Schikel, Richard. Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity New York: Doubleday, 1985. ISBN 0-385-12336-1

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